Periodontics is the dental discipline that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal disease, inflammatory diseases that affect the supporting tissues of the teeth, such as gums and bone.

Gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by the accumulation of bacteria present in plaque and tartar, aggravated by factors such as smoking, certain general health conditions, genetic predisposition, and stress. Gingivitis is the initial stage, limited to the gums, which appear red, swollen, and may bleed. If left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form that also affects the bone around the tooth, potentially leading, in severe cases, to tooth loss. Symptoms include tooth mobility, pain, bleeding, abscesses, tooth shifting, and bad breath. It is crucial to note that periodontitis is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and pregnancy complications.

Early detection of periodontal problems is essential. Diagnosis is made through a thorough periodontal examination, which includes periodontal probing and radiographic status. A personalized treatment plan is then developed, aimed at eliminating the causes, stabilizing and controlling the disease, and restoring optimal anatomical conditions.

The first phase of treatment is Causal Therapy, which involves professional removal of plaque and tartar above and below the gum line (scaling and debridement), smoothing exposed root surfaces (root planing), and tooth polishing. These procedures can be performed with manual instruments, ultrasound (often combined with baking soda, glycine, and erythritol powders), and, in some cases, laser.

After this phase, a follow-up visit allows progress to be monitored. In a minority of cases, if causal therapy is insufficient, surgery may be necessary.